I-ASTM: Inhlangano YaseMelika Yokuhlola Nezinto ZokusebenzaI-ANSI:I-AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTEASME: I-American Society of Mechanical EngineersI-API: I-American Petroleum Institute
Isingeniso
I-ASTM: I-American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) phambilini bekuyi-International Association for testing materials (IATM). Ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ukuze kuxazululwe imibono nokwehluka phakathi komthengi nomphakeli ohlelweni lokuthenga nokudayisa izinto ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini, abanye abantu bahlongoza ukusungula uhlelo lwekomiti lobuchwepheshe, futhi ikomiti lezobuchwepheshe lahlela abameleli bazo zonke izici ukuba babambe iqhaza. I-Technical Symposium ukuxoxisana nokuxazulula izinkinga zengxabano eziphathelene nokucaciswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo nezinqubo zokuhlola. Umhlangano wokuqala we-IATM wabanjelwa e-Europe ngo-1882, lapho kwakhiwa khona ikomiti elisebenzayo.
I-ANSI: I-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) yasungulwa ngo-1918. Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhizinisi amaningi namaqembu ochwepheshe kanye nezobuchwepheshe e-United States aqala umsebenzi wokulinganisa, kodwa kwakukhona ukuphikisana nezinkinga eziningi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwabo. Ukuze kuqhutshekwe kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle, amakhulukhulu emiphakathi yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, izinhlangano zezinhlangano namaqembu bonke bakholelwa ukuthi kuyadingeka ukusungula inhlangano yokumisa okukhethekile kanye nokwenza izinga elifanayo elibumbene.
ASME: Inhlangano yaseMelika yonjiniyela bemishini yasungulwa ngo-1880. Manje isiyinhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe engenzi nzuzo yemfundo nobuchwepheshe enamalungu angaphezu kuka-125000 emhlabeni wonke. Njengoba ukwanda kwezinhlaka ezahlukene emkhakheni wobunjiniyela kwanda, ukushicilelwa kwe-ASME kuphinde kunikeze ulwazi ngobuchwepheshe bemingcele yemikhakha eyahlukene. Izifundo ezihlanganiswayo zihlanganisa: ubunjiniyela obuyisisekelo, ukukhiqiza, ukuklama uhlelo nokunye.
I-API:API Isifinyezo se-American Petroleum Institute. I-API yasungulwa ngo-1919, iyinhlangano yokuqala kazwelonke yezamabhizinisi e-United States, futhi ingelinye lamazinga okuqala aphumelela kakhulu abeka amakamelo emhlabeni.
Izibopho
I-ASTMibambe iqhaza kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezimpawu namazinga okusebenza wezinto zokwakha, imikhiqizo, amasistimu namasevisi, futhi isabalalisa ulwazi olufanele. Amazinga we-ASTM athuthukiswa yikomidi lezobuchwepheshe futhi abhalwe yiqembu elisebenzayo lamazinga. NakubaI-ASTMamazinga ngamazinga aklanywe amaqembu ezemfundo angekho emthethweni, amazinga e-ASTM ahlukaniswe izigaba eziyi-15, umthamo oshicilelwe, futhi ukuhlukaniswa nomthamo wamazinga kungokulandelayo:
Ukuhlukaniswa:
(1) Imikhiqizo yensimbi
(2) Izinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi
(3) Indlela yokuhlola kanye nenqubo yokuhlaziya yezinto zensimbi
(4) Izinto zokwakha
(5) Imikhiqizo kaphethiloli, okothambisa kanye namafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi
(6) Amapende, ama-coatings ahlobene nezinhlanganisela ezinamakha
(7) Izindwangu nezinto zokwakha
(8) Ipulasitiki
(9) Irabha
(10) Ama-insulators kagesi kanye ne-electronics
(11) Ubuchwepheshe bamanzi nemvelo
(12) Amandla enuzi, amandla elanga
(13) Impahla yezokwelapha nezinkonzo
(14) Izinsimbi nezindlela zokuhlola ezijwayelekile
(15) Imikhiqizo yezimboni ejwayelekile, amakhemikhali akhethekile nezinto ezisetshenziswayo
AI-NSI:I-National Standards Institute yase-United States iyiqembu elingenzi inzuzo elingenzi-nzuzo lokumisa izinga. Kodwa isiphenduke iNational Standardization Centre eqinisweni; yonke imisebenzi yokulinganisa iseduze nayo. Ngalo, uhlelo olufanele lukahulumeni kanye nesistimu yomphakathi kuyasebenzisana, futhi kudlala indima yebhuloho phakathi kukahulumeni wobumbano kanye nesistimu yokumiswa kwabantu. Ididiyela futhi iqondise imisebenzi kazwelonke yokumiswa, isiza ukwakhiwa kwamazinga, ucwaningo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamayunithi, futhi ihlinzeka ngolwazi lwasekhaya nolwamazwe ngamazwe lokulinganisa. Iphinde idlale indima yesitho sokuphatha.
I-National Standards Institute yase-United States ayivamisile ukubeka izindinganiso ngokwayo. Kusetshenziswa izindlela ezintathu ezilandelayo ukuze kulungiswe izinga layo le-ANSI:
1. Amayunithi afanele azoba nesibopho sokubhala, ukumema ochwepheshe noma amaqembu ochwepheshe ukuthi bavote, futhi athumele imiphumela emhlanganweni wokubuyekeza amazinga osungulwe yi-ANSI ukuze ibuyekezwe futhi ivunywe. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi indlela yokuvota.
2. Abamele iKomidi elihlelwe ikomidi lezobuchwepheshe le-ANSI nezinye izikhungo bazolungisa izindinganiso ezisalungiswa, futhi wonke amalungu azovota, futhi ekugcineni abuyekezwe futhi avunyelwe ikomidi lokubuyekeza amazinga. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho weKhomishini.
3. Ngokwamazinga akhiwe izinhlangano zochwepheshe nezinhlangano, labo asebekhulile nababaluleke kakhulu ezweni lonke bazothuthukiswa babe kumazinga kazwelonke (ANSI) ngemva kokubuyekezwa amakomiti ochwepheshe e-ANSI, futhi bazolebula ngokuthi ANSI. ikhodi evamile kanye nenombolo yokuhlukanisa, kodwa ikhodi yezinga lochwepheshe yangempela izogcinwa ngesikhathi esifanayo.
Amazinga eNational Standards Institute of America ikakhulukazi asuka kumazinga ochwepheshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphakathi yobungcweti nezinhlangano nazo zingakha amazinga athile omkhiqizo ngokuya ngamazinga akhona kazwelonke. Yebo, singase futhi sizibekele ezethu izindinganiso zeNhlangano ngaphandle kokuhambisana nezindinganiso zezwe. Amazinga we-ANSI awokuzithandela. I-United States ikholelwa ukuthi izindinganiso eziyisibopho zingakhawulela izinzuzo zokukhiqiza. Nokho, amazinga acashunwe ngumthetho futhi akhiwe iminyango kahulumeni ngokuvamile angamazinga ayisibopho.
AI-SME: ubambe iqhaza kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kwezobunjiniyela bemishini kanye nemikhakha ehlobene, ekhuthaza ucwaningo oluyisisekelo, ukukhuthaza ukuhwebelana kwezemfundo, ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana nabanye ubunjiniyela nezinhlangano, ukwenza imisebenzi yokumisa kanye nokwenza amakhodi nezindinganiso zemishini. Kusukela yasungulwa, i-ASME ihole ekuthuthukisweni kwamazinga emishini, futhi isithuthukise amazinga angaphezu kuka-600 kusukela kumazinga okuqala ochungechunge kuze kube manje. Ngo-1911, kwasungulwa ikomidi eliqondisa umshini wokubilisa, futhi isiqondiso semishini sakhishwa kusukela ngo-1914 kuya ku-1915, esahlanganiswa nemithetho yezifunda ezihlukahlukene naseCanada. I-ASME isiphenduke inhlangano yomhlaba wonke yobunjiniyela emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe, imfundo kanye nophenyo.
API: iyisikhungo esigunyaziwe sokusetha esijwayelekile se-ANSI. Ukubunjwa kwayo okujwayelekile kulandela amazinga enqubo yokudidiyela nokwenza kwe-ANSI, i-API nayo eyakhiwe ngokuhlanganyela futhi yashicilelwa amazinga nge-ASTM. Amazinga e-API asetshenziswa kakhulu amabhizinisi aseShayina futhi amukelwa yimithetho kanye nemithetho yezwe kanye nesifundazwe sase-United States, kanye noMnyango wezokuThutha, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, ukuphepha emsebenzini kanye nokuphathwa kwezempilo, i-United States Customs, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo. i-ejensi, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau Zicashunwe izikhungo zikahulumeni, futhi zicashunwa yi-ISO, inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ye-metrology yezomthetho kanye namazinga kazwelonke angaphezu kuka-100 emhlabeni jikelele.
API: izinga lisetshenziswa kakhulu amabhizinisi aseShayina futhi elicashunwe yimithetho nemithethonqubo yombuso kanye nesifunda sase-United States, kanye nezinhlaka zikahulumeni ezifana noMnyango Wezokuthutha, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, ukuphepha emsebenzini kanye nokuphathwa kwezempilo, i-United States I-States Customs, i-ejensi yokuvikela imvelo, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau, njll., kodwa futhi ecashunwe yi-ISO, inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ye-metrology yezomthetho kanye namazinga kazwelonke angaphezu kwe-100 emhlabeni.
Umehluko nokuxhumana
Lawa mazinga amane ayahambisana futhi angasetshenziselwa ireferensi. Isibonelo, amazinga e-ASME kokokusebenza asuka ku-ASTM, futhi i-API isetshenziselwa amazinga we-valve, kuyilapho ukufakwa kwamapayipi, kuvela ku-ANSI. Umehluko wukuthi imboni igxile kokuhlukile, ngakho amazinga amukelwayo ahlukile. I-API, ASTM, ASME wonke amalungu e-ANSI.
Amazinga eNational Standards Institute of America ikakhulukazi asuka kumazinga ochwepheshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphakathi yobungcweti nezinhlangano nazo zingakha amazinga athile omkhiqizo ngokuya ngamazinga akhona kazwelonke. Yebo, singase futhi sizibekele ezethu izindinganiso zeNhlangano ngaphandle kokuhambisana nezindinganiso zezwe.
I-ASME awenzi umsebenzi othize, futhi umsebenzi wokuhlola nokwakhiwa usuzoqedwa yi-ANSI ne-ASTM. I-ASME ibona kuphela amakhodi ukuze iwasebenzise wona, ngakho-ke kuvame ukubonakala ukuthi inombolo evamile ephindaphindiwe ingukuqukethwe okufanayo.
I-Hikelokukufakwa kwe-tubekanye nezinsimbihlola i-valve, i-valve yebhola, i-valve yenalitinjll ukuhlangabezana ne-ASTM, ANSI, ASME kanye ne-API standard.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-23-2022