Isosha: Umphakathi waseMelika wokuhlola nezinto zokwakhaUhlobo: Isikhungo Sezwe YaseMelikaAsme: I-American Society of Meand EnjiniyelaImpi: Isikhungo saseMelika Petroleum
Ukuqalisa
Isosha: I-American Society yokuhlola nezinto zokwakha (i-ASTM) yayiyinhlangano yamazwe omhlaba ngezinto zokuhlola (IATM). In the 1980s, in order to solve the opinions and differences between the purchaser and the supplier in the process of purchasing and selling industrial materials, some people proposed to establish a technical committee system, and the technical committee organized representatives from all aspects to participate in I-Technical Symposium yokuxoxa nokuxazulula izingqinamba eziphathelene nokucaciswa kwezinto nezinqubo zokuhlola. Umhlangano wokuqala weatm wabanjelwa eYurophu ngonyaka we-1882, kwasungulwa ikomidi elisebenzayo.
Uhlobo: I-American National Standards Institute (ANSI) yasungulwa ngo-1918. Ngaleso sikhathi, amabhizinisi amaningi namaqembu asemthethweni kanye nezobuchwepheshe e-United States aqala ukusebenza, kepha bekukhona ukuphikisana nezinkinga eziningi ngenxa yokuntuleka kokuxhumana phakathi kwabo. Ukuze uqhubeke nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle, amakhulukhulu ezinhlangano zesayensi kanye nezobuchwepheshe namaqembu wonke akholelwa ukuthi kuyadingeka ukusungula inhlangano ekhethekile yokwenza nokwakha okujwayelekile.
Asme: I-American Society of Mechanical Enjiniyers yasungulwa ngonyaka we-1880. Manje sekuyinhlangano yezemfundo nezobuchwepheshe be-International Nonprofit neencwadi enamalungu angaphezu kuka-125000 emhlabeni jikelele. Njengoba inkambu ye-Interdisciplinary enkundleni yobunjiniyela iyanda, ukushicilelwa kwe-ASME nakho kunikeza imininingwane ngobuchwepheshe be-Interdisciplinary Prontier Technology. Izihloko ezimboziwe zifaka: Ubunjiniyela Basisekelo, ukukhiqiza, ukuklama uhlelo nokunye.
Impi: API yisifinyezo se-American Petroleum Institute. I-API yasungulwa ngo-1919, iyinhlangano yokuqala yebhizinisi likazwelonke e-United States, kanti elinye lamazinga okuqala futhi aphumelela kakhulu abeke amakamelo emhlabeni.
Imithwalo yemfanelo
IsoshaIbandakanyeka ikakhulukazi ekwakhekeni kwezimpawu namazinga okusebenza kwezinto zokwakha, imikhiqizo, amasistimu nezinsizakalo, futhi asabalalisa ulwazi olufanele. Amazinga we-ASTM athuthukiswa yiKomidi lobuchwepheshe futhi abhalwa amazinga okusebenza amazinga. NokhoIsoshaAmazinga ngamazinga akhiwe ngamaqembu angekho emthethweni afundwayo, amazinga we-ASTM ahlukaniswe izigaba eziyi-15, ivolumu eshicilelwe, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kanye nevolumu yamazinga kungokulandelayo:
Ukuhlukaniswa:
(1) Imikhiqizo yensimbi
(2) Izinsimbi ezingezinhle
(3) Inqubo yokuhlola nenqubo yokuhlaziya yezinto zensimbi
(4) Izinto zokwakha
(5) Imikhiqizo kaPetroleum, ama-lubricants kanye nama-fossil fuels
(6) upende, izimbobo ezihlobene namakhompiyutha amnandi
(7) Izindwangu nezindwangu
(8) Ipulasitiki
(9) Irabha
(10) Okwezithamo-gesi zikagesi kanye ne-elekthronikhi
(11) Ubuchwepheshe Bamanzi Nezemvelo
(12) amandla enuzi, amandla elanga
(13) Imishini yezokwelapha kanye nezinsizakalo
(14) Amathuluzi nezindlela zokuhlola ezijwayelekile
(15) Imikhiqizo ejwayelekile yezimboni, amakhemikhali akhethekile kanye nezinto zokudla
AI-NSI:I-National Standards Institute of the United States iyiqembu elingenzi nzuzo elingasebenzi inzuzo. Kepha sekuphenduke isikhungo sezincwadi zeNational Standation Empeleni; Yonke imisebenzi evamile ayizungezile. Ngalo, uhlelo lukahulumeni olufanele kanye nohlelo lomphakathi lisebenzisana, futhi lidlale indima yebhuloho phakathi kohulumeni wobumbano kanye nohlelo lokuhlanganisa abantu. Ixhumanisa futhi iqondise imisebenzi yokulinganisa izwe lonke, isiza ukwakhiwa kwamazinga, ucwaningo kanye nokusebenzisa amayunithi, futhi ihlinzeka ngemininingwane yokulinganisa yasekhaya neyamanye amazwe. Iphinde idlale indima yesitho sokuphatha.
I-National Standards Institute of the United States iyaqabukela ibeka izindinganiso ngokwayo. Izindlela ezintathu ezilandelayo zamukelwa ukulungiswa kwe-Ansi Standard yayo:
1 Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi yindlela yokuvota.
2 Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuthi umthetho weKhomishini.
I-3. Ngokwamazinga akhiwe yizinhlangano nezinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe, labo abavuthiwe futhi babaluleke kakhulu ezweni lonke bazothuthukiswa kumakomidi ezwe (ansi) ngemuva kokubukezwa amakomidi e-ANBI, futhi azobhalwa nge-ANSI Ikhodi ejwayelekile nenombolo yokuhlukaniswa, kepha ikhodi ejwayelekile yoqobo izogcinwa ngasikhathi sinye.
Izindinganiso zeNational Standards Institute of America ziningi kakhulu kusuka kumazinga ochwepheshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano nezinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe nazo zikwazi ukwakha amazinga athile omkhiqizo ngokuya ngamazinga kazwelonke akhona. Vele, singase sibeke namazinga ethu ezinhlamba ngaphandle kokuhambisana namazinga kazwelonke. Izindinganiso ze-ANSI zingokuzithandela. I-United States ikholelwa ukuthi izindinganiso eziphoqelekile zinganciphisa izinzuzo zokukhiqiza. Kodwa-ke, izindinganiso ezicashunwe ngumthetho futhi ezakhiwe yiminyango kahulumeni ngokuvamile ziyizindinganiso eziphoqelekile.
AUhlobo lwe-kembu: Kakhulu wabandakanyeka ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi kanye nobuchwepheshe kumikhakha yonjiniyela kanye nemikhakha ehlobene, ukukhuthaza ukuhlangana okuyisisekelo, ukukhuthaza ukubambisana nobunye ubunjiniyela kanye nezinhlangano, okwenza imisebenzi evamile kanye nokwenza amakhodi wemishini. Kusukela yasungulwa, i-ASME ihole ukuthuthukiswa kwamazinga emishini, futhi ithuthukise amazinga angaphezu kwama-600 ukusuka emazingeni okuqala entambo kuye manje. Ngo-1911, kwasungulwa ikomidi le-boiler micchery lemiklomelo, futhi kwakhishwa umyalo wemishini kusukela ngo-1914 kuya ku-1915, okwahlanganiswa nemithetho yezifundazwe ezahlukahlukene neCanada. I-ASME isibe yinhlangano yobunjiniyela bomhlaba wonke emikhakheni yezobuchwepheshe, ezemfundo kanye nophenyo.
API: Ngabe i-ejensi evamile yokusetha ejwayelekile ye-ANSI. Ukwakheka kwalo okujwayelekile kulandela ukuxhumanisa namazinga wenqubo yokwakheka kwe-ANSI, i-API nayo ihlangene futhi ishicilelwe amazinga nge-ASTM. Izindinganiso ze-API zisetshenziswa kabanzi ngamabhizinisi eChina futhi zamukelwa yimithetho kanye nemithetho yezwe lase-United States, kanye noMnyango Wezokuvakasha, uMnyango Wezokuvikela, Ukuphathwa Kwezempilo, Ukuvikelwa KwezeMvelo, Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo I-ejensi, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau icashunwe yi-ejensi kahulumeni, futhi iyashiwo nge-ISO, I-International Let Metrology Organisation kanye namazinga kazwelonke angaphezu kwe-100 emhlabeni jikelele.
API: the standard is widely used by enterprises in China and cited by federal and state laws and regulations of the United States, as well as government agencies such as the Ministry of transport, the Ministry of defense, the occupational safety and health administration, the United Amasiko Ezezimali, I-Environmental Protect Agency, i-United States Geological Survey Bureau, njll., Kepha futhi ikhonjwe yi-ISO, inhlangano yezomthetho yezomthetho yamazwe omhlaba kanye namazinga kazwelonke angaphezu kwe-100 emhlabeni.
Umehluko nokuxhumeka
Lezi zindinganiso ezine ziyahambisana futhi zingasetshenziselwa ireferensi. Isibonelo, amazinga e-ASME ezintweni ezibonakalayo avela ku-ASTM, futhi i-API isetshenziselwa ama-valve izindinganiso, kuyilapho kufakwa amapayipi, aqhamuka ku-Asi. Umehluko ukuthi imboni igxile kokuhlukile, ngakho-ke amazinga amukelwe ahlukile. I-API, i-ASTM, i-ASME wonke amalungu e-ANSI.
Izindinganiso zeNational Standards Institute of America ziningi kakhulu kusuka kumazinga ochwepheshe. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlangano nezinhlangano eziqeqeshiwe nazo zikwazi ukwakha amazinga athile omkhiqizo ngokuya ngamazinga kazwelonke akhona. Vele, singase sibeke namazinga ethu ezinhlamba ngaphandle kokuhambisana namazinga kazwelonke.
I-ASME ayiwenzi umsebenzi oqondile, futhi ukuhlolwa kanye nomsebenzi wokwakha kucishe kwaqedwa yi-ANSI ne-ASTM. I-Asme ibona kuphela amakhodi ukuze isetshenziswe ngokwayo, ngakho-ke kuvame ukubonwa ukuthi inombolo evamile ephindaphindwayo okuqukethwe okufanayo.
HikaloTube Fittingskanye nensimbiBheka i-valve, I-Ball valve, i-valve yenalitinjll ahlangana ne-ASTM, ANSI, ASME ne-API Standard.
Isikhathi sePosi: Feb-23-2022