I-astm: Uluntu lwaseMelika luvavanyo kunye nezixhoboANI: IZiko leMigangatho yeSizwe yaseMelikaI-asme: Umbutho waseMelika weenjineli zoomatshiniApi: IZiko lePetroleum lasePetroleum
Intshayelelo
I-astm: Umbutho waseMelika uVavanya kunye nezixhobo (i-ASTM) yayikade ibusingaliswanga ngamazwe aphesheya kwizixhobo zokuvavanya (iatm). Ngeminyaka yee-1980, ukuze kusombulule izimvo kunye nolwahluko phakathi komthengi kunye nomthengisi kwinkqubo yokuthenga kunye nokuthengisa izinto ezivela kwimizi-mveliso, kunye neKomiti yezobuGcisa abalandeli kuzo zonke izinto ukuba zithathe inxaxheba I-symposium yezobugcisa ukuxoxa nokusombulula imiba ephathelele kwinkcazo yezinto ezibonakalayo kunye neenkqubo zovavanyo. Intlanganiso yokuqala ye-IATM yaqhutywa eYurophu ngo-1882, apho kwasekwa ikomiti ye-akhawunti.
ANI: IZiko leMigangatho leSizwe laseMelika (i-ANDI) lasekwa ngo-1918. Ngelo xesha, amashishini amaninzi kunye namaqela obuchwephesha kunye nobugcisa kunye neengxaki ngenxa yokunqongophala kolungelelwaniso phakathi kwabo. Ukwenzela ukuqhubekeka ukuphucula ukusebenza, amakhulu eSayensi kunye neTekhnoloji, imibutho yamabutho kunye namaqela onke akholelwa ukuba kunyanzelekile ukuba kumiselwe umgangatho ofanayo.
I-asme: Umbutho waseMelika weenjineli zoomatshini wasungulwa ngonyaka we-1880. Ngoku ibe ngumbutho wemfundo yamanye amazwe kunye netekhnoloji yamazwe angena nzuzo kunye namalungu angaphezu kwe-125000 kwihlabathi liphela. Njengoko i-Intergisory Cross-proureminary Frount Field Field, i-ASTE ikwabonelela ngolwazi malunga netekhnoloji yentengiselwano yenternerier. Izifundo ezigutyungelweyo zibandakanya: I-Ogering engqongqo, yokuvelisa, uyilo lweNkqubo njalo njalo.
ApiI-API sisifinyezo seZiko lePetroleum lasePetroleum. I-API yasungulwa ngo-1919, nguMbutho weSizwe weShishini kuZwelonke, kwaye enye yezona zinto zangaphambili kwaye uninzi lwamanqanaba ukubeka amagumbi ehlabathini.
Uxanduva
I-astmIbandakanya ikakhulu ekuqulunqweni kweempawu kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza kwezixhobo, iimveliso, iinkqubo kunye neenkonzo, kwaye isasaze ulwazi olufanelekileyo. IMigangatho ye-ASTM iphuhliswa yiKomiti yezobuCocityha kwaye yayilwa liQela eliSebenzayo. NangonaI-astmImigangatho yimigangatho emiselweyo yemfundo yezifundo, iMigangatho ye-ASTM yahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba ali-15, ivolumu epapashwe, kunye nokuqhekeka nemithamo yemigangatho imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
Ukwahlulahlulwa:
(1) iimveliso zensimbi
(2) Iintsimbi ezibi
(3) Indlela yovavanyo kunye nenkqubo yohlalutyo lwezinto zentsimbi
(4) Izixhobo zokwakha
.
(6) Ipeyinti, ikhredithi enxulumene ne-aromatic
(7) Izibalo kunye nezixhobo
(8) iplastiki
(9) Irabha
(10) I-insulators zombane kunye ne-elektroniki
(11) Amanzi kunye neTekhnoloji yendalo
(12) Amandla enyukliya, amandla elanga
(13) Izixhobo zonyango kunye neenkonzo
(14) Izixhobo kunye neendlela zovavanyo ngokubanzi
(15) Iimveliso zemveliso ngokubanzi, iikhemikhali ezikhethekileyo kunye nezitrato
ANyani:IZiko leMigangatho leSizwe le-United States liqela elingenzi nzuzo kwinzuzo. Kodwa iye yaliziko lokumiliselwa komgangatho; Yonke imisebenzi yokubekwa emgangathweni ijikeleze. Ngayo, inkqubo yenkqubo efanelekileyo karhulumente kunye nenkqubo yoluntu iyasebenzisana, kwaye idlale indima yebhulorho phakathi kukarhulumente we-Federal kunye nenkqubo yokumiselwa komgangatho. Inokulungelelanisa kwaye ikhokelele kwimisebenzi yokubekwa imigangatho yesizwe, inceda ukwenziwa kwemigangatho, uphando kunye nokusebenzisa iiyunithi, kwaye kubonelela ngolwazi lomgangatho wamakhaya nowamanye amazwe. Ikwadlala indima yelungu lolawulo.
IZiko leMigangatho leSizwe le-United States alifane libeke imigangatho ngokwayo. Ezi ndlela zintathu zilandelayo zamthathelwa ingqalelo ukulungiselela umgangatho wayo we-APSI:
1. Iiyunithi ezifanelekileyo ziya kuba noxanduva lokuyila, ukumema iingcali okanye amaqela obuchwephesha ukuvota, kwaye nokungenisa iziphumo kwintlanganiso yoPhononongo lweMigangatho esekwe yi-ANI ngokuphononongwa kunye nokuvunywa. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yindlela yokungcola.
2. Abameli beKomiti Eyenziwa yiKomiti yezoBugcisa bakwa-API namanye amaziko baya kulungisa imigangatho yendalo, kwaye onke amalungu aya kuvota, kwaye ekugqibeleni ahlolwe yiKomiti Yokuphononongwa kweMigangatho. Le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba ngumthetho wekomishini.
3. Ngokwemigangatho eyakhiwe yimibutho yezoluntu kunye nemibutho, abo bavuthiweyo, kwaye bebaluleke kakhulu kwilizwe liphela baya kuphuculwa kwimigangatho yesizwe (ANSI) emva kokuphononongwa ziikomiti zobugcisa ze-ANI, kwaye ziya kubizwa ngelebhile Ikhowudi esemgangathweni kunye nenombolo yokuhlelwa, kodwa ikhowudi esemgangathweni yentsusa iya kugcinwa ngaxeshanye.
Imigangatho yeMigangatho yeMigangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika ikakhulu kwimigangatho yobungcali. Kwelinye icala, uluntu oluqhelekileyo nokunxulumana nalo lunokuqulunqa imigangatho ethile yemveliso ngokwemigangatho yesizwe ekhoyo. Ewe kunjalo, sinokubeka imigangatho yethu yobuntu ngaphandle kokuthobela imigangatho yesizwe. Imigangatho ye-APSI iqhutywa ngokuzithandela. I-United States ikholelwa ukuba imigangatho enyanzelekileyo inokunciphisa umqobo kwimveliso. Nangona kunjalo, imigangatho ecatshulwe ngumthetho kwaye yenziwa ngamasebe karhulumente yimigangatho egunyazisiweyo.
AI-sy: ikakhulu ekuphuhliseni isayensi kunye netekhnoloji kubunjineli bobuchwephesha kunye neendawo ezinxulumene noko, ukukhuthaza ukutshintshiselana ngokutsha, ukuphucula intsebenziswano kunye neminye imisebenzi yobunjineli kunye nemigangatho yendlela. Ukusukela oko kwakufika, i-ASME ikhokelele kuphuhliso lwemigangatho yoomatshini, kwaye iphuhlise ngaphezulu kwemigangatho emi-600 ukusuka kwimigangatho yequmrhu yokuqala ukuza kuthi ga ngoku. Ngo-1911, kwasekwa iKomiti yeReiler Routication, kwaye kwakhutshwa isikhokelo somatshini ukususela ngo-1914 ukuya ku-1915, esadityaniswa nemithetho yamazwe ahlukeneyo naseCanada. I-Asme iba ngumbutho wobugcisa obenziweyo kwicandelo leTekhnoloji, kwiMfundo noPhando.
API: yi-arhente yokumisela evunyiweyo ye-ANDI. Ukuqulunqwa kwayo okungakumbi kulandela imigangatho yenkqubo yenkqubo ye-ANI, i-API ikwandise kwaye ipapashwa imigangatho ye-ATTM. Imigangatho ye-API isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngamashishini e-China kwaye amkelwe yimithetho ye-federal and and kunye nemigaqo ye-United States, kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo, ukukhuselwa kwezempilo, ukhuseleko lwezempilo I-Arhente, i-United States ye-United States Geological Veeplaau acatshulwe ziiarhente zikarhulumente, kwaye zicatshulwe yi-ISO, umbutho wezemithetho wamazwe aphesheya kunye nemigangatho engama-100 yelizwe liphela.
API: Umgangatho usetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngamashishini e-china kwaye ucatshulwe yimithetho ye-federal kunye ne-United States e-United States, kwiCandelo loLawulo lweMsebenzini kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo, eMsebenzini, i-United Iziko elithetha, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lwendalo, i-United States Geological Veerical Veech, kodwa icatshulwe nguOS, umbutho wezemithetho wezomthetho wamazwe kunye ne-100 kazwelonke emhlabeni.
Umahluko kunye noXwebhu
Le migangatho mine ihambelana kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukubhekiswa. Umzekelo, imigangatho ye-ASME kwizixhobo ivela kwi-ASTM, kwaye i-API isetyenziselwa imigangatho ye-veli, ngelixa imibhobho, ivela kwi-ANI. Umahluko kukuba ishishini ligxile ngokwahlukileyo, ngoko ke imigangatho eyamkelweyo yahlukile. I-API, i-ASTM, i-ASME onke amalungu e-ANI.
Imigangatho yeMigangatho yeMigangatho yeSizwe yaseMelika ikakhulu kwimigangatho yobungcali. Kwelinye icala, uluntu oluqhelekileyo nokunxulumana nalo lunokuqulunqa imigangatho ethile yemveliso ngokwemigangatho yesizwe ekhoyo. Ewe kunjalo, sinokubeka imigangatho yethu yobuntu ngaphandle kokuthobela imigangatho yesizwe.
I-ASME ayisebenzi kakuhle, kwaye umsebenzi ovavanyiweyo kunye nomsebenzi wokuqubha phantse wagqitywa nge-ANI kunye ne-ASTM. I-ASME iyazi kuphela iikhowudi zokusetyenziswa kwazo, ngoko ke ihlala ibonwa ukuba inani eliphindaphindiweyo lingumxholo omnye.
I-Hikelokityhubhukunye nesixhoboJonga i-valve, ivalve yebhola, ivalve yenalitinjl. Njani i-ASTM, ANI, i-Asme kunye ne-API.
Ixesha lasemva: Feb-23 ukuya kwi-2322