Astm, ANSI, asme ndi API

Astmo: American Society yoyesa ndi zidaKana: American National Starts InstituteMzme: American Society of MoviinersOpasi: American Petroleum Institute

Chiyambi

Astmo: Gulu la ku America poyesedwa ndi zida (ASTM) kale anali mayanjano apadziko lonse lapansi poyesa zida zoyeserera (IATM). Mu 1980s, kuti muthane ndi malingaliro ndi kusamvana pakati pa wogula komanso kugulitsa zida za mafakitale, anthu ena adafuna kukhazikitsa nthumwi za komiti yaukadaulo kuchokera pazomwe zimachitika Nkhani yaukadaulo yokambirana ndikuthana ndi mavuto a mikangano yokhudza nkhani zakuthupi ndi njira zoyesera. Misonkhano yoyamba ya Iatm idachitika ku Europe mu 1882, pomwe komiti yogwira ntchito idapangidwa.

Kana: American National Referests Institute (ANASI) idakhazikitsidwa mu 1918. Pa nthawiyo, mabizinesi ambiri ku United States adayamba kugwira ntchito, koma panali zovuta zambiri chifukwa chosowa mgwirizano pakati pawo. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo ntchito, magulu mazana ambiri ndi ukadaulo, mabungwe ndi magulu onse amakhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa gulu lapadera komanso kupanga muyezo wogwirizana.

Mzme: Gulu la ku America la akatswiri opanga makina limakhazikitsidwa mu 1880. Tsopano yakhala maphunziro apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi ndi gulu laukadaulo lomwe lili ndi mamembala oposa 125,000 padziko lonse lapansi. Monga momwe unadzipangira ukadalalikiririziri wa bungwe ukuchulukirachulukira, kufalitsa kwa asme kumaperekanso chidziwitso paukadaulo wambiri. Zolemba zomwe zalembedwazo: Kupanga upangiri woyambira, kupanga, kapangidwe ka kachitidwe kake ndi zina zotero.

Opasi: API ndiye chidule cha Inroleum Institute. API idakhazikitsidwa mu 1919, ndiye bizinesi yoyamba ya dziko ku United States, ndipo imodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri komanso zopambana kwambiri zokhala ndi zipinda zapadziko lapansi.

Maudindo

AstmoAmachita makamaka pakupanga mawonekedwe ndi miyezo ya magwiridwe antchito, zinthu, machitidwe ndi ntchito, komanso zimayambitsa chidziwitso choyenera. Miyezo ya Asm imapangidwa ndi komiti yaukadaulo ndipo idapangidwa ndi gulu logwira ntchito. NgakhaleAstmoMiyezo ndi miyezo yomwe imapangidwa ndi magulu osavomerezeka, miyeso ya Akazi a Asm imagawika m'magulu 15, voliyumu yofalitsidwa, ndipo kuchuluka kwa miyezo ndi motere:

Gulu:

(1) Zogulitsa zachitsulo

(2) Zitsulo zosasangalatsa

(3) Njira yoyeserera ndi njira yowunikira zitsulo zachitsulo

(4) Zipangizo Zomanga

(5) Zogulitsa zamafuta a petroleum, mafuta ndi mafuta ofutukuka

(6) utoto, zokutira zofananira ndi mankhwala onunkhira

(7) Zolemba ndi zida

(8) pulasitiki

(9) Mpira

(10) ogwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi zamagetsi

(11) Madzi ndi ukadaulo wazachilengedwe

(12) mphamvu ya nyukiliya, mphamvu ya dzuwa

(13) Zovala zamankhwala ndi ntchito

(14) Zida ndi njira zoyeserera

.

ANsi:Miyezo ya National Institute of United States ndi gulu lopanda phindu lomwe siligwirizana ndi phindu. Koma yasandulika dziko lonse lapansi. Zochita zonse zotsatizana zimazungulira. Kudzera mwa iwo, boma loyenererana ndi boma logwirizana limagwira ntchito limodzi, ndipo sewerani pakati pa boma komanso dongosolo la wofalitsa wanzeru. Imagwirizanitsa ndi kuwongolera zochitika zamalamulo adziko lonse, zimathandizanso kusintha kwa miyezo, kafukufuku ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi, komanso kupereka chidziwitso cham'nyumba komanso zochitika zapadziko lonse. Imagwiranso gawo la chiwalo.

Makhalidwe a National Institute of United States nthawi zambiri samakhala muyezo. Njira zitatu zotsatirazi zimatengedwa pokonzekera mtundu wake wa ANSI:

1. Mayunitsi oyenerawa adzayang'anitsitsa, akatswiri kapena akatswiri kapena magulu a akatswiri avote, ndikugonjera zotsatira zowunikira misonkhano yotsimikiziridwa ndi ANSI kuti awunikenso ndi kuvomerezedwa. Njirayi imatchedwa njira yopumira.

2. Oimira a Komiti Yokhazikitsidwa ndi Komiti yaukadaulo ya ANSI ndi mabungwe ena azikonza zomwe adalemba, ndipo mamembala onse adzavota, kenako ndikuwunikidwanso komiti. Njirayi imatchedwa lamulo la Commission.

3. Malinga ndi miyezo yopangidwa ndi magulu aluso ndi mayanjano, iwo omwe akukhwima komanso oyenera kwambiri kwa dziko lonse lapansi adzawunikiridwa ndi matedi a fuko, ndipo adzaphatikizidwa ndi ANSI Nambala ya Code ndi Class Code, koma code yoyambirira ya akatswiri imasungidwa nthawi yomweyo.

Miyezo yamiyendo ya Nationals Institute of America nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku akatswiri. Kumbali ina, magulu aluso ndi mayanjano amathanso kuperekanso miyezo ina yogulitsa malinga ndi miyezo yadziko lapansi yomwe ilipo. Inde, titha kukhazikitsanso mfundo zathu zokha popanda kutsatira miyezo yadziko. Miyezo ya ANSI ndi yodzifunira. United States amakhulupirira kuti miyezo yovomerezeka imatha kuchepetsa zokolola. Komabe, mfundo zomwe zatchulidwa ndi lamulo komanso zopangidwa ndi madipatimenti aboma nthawi zambiri ndizovomerezeka.

ABatsu: makamaka akuchita ntchito za sayansi ndi ukadaulo mu minda yamakina ndi minda yofananira, yolimbikitsa kufufuza kwa maphunziro, kukulitsa mgwirizano ndi mainjiniya komanso mayanjano ndi miyezo. Kuyambira chiyambi, ameme achititsa chitukuko cha makina opanga, ndipo wapanga miyezo yoposa 600 kuchokera koyambirira kwa ulusi woyamba mpaka pano. Mu 1911, makina a boiler abowo amakhazikitsidwa, ndipo makinawo adakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 1914 mpaka 1915, omwe adaphatikizidwa ndi malamulo a mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi Canada. A.ME wakhala bungwe la ukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi m'minda yaukadaulo, maphunziro ndi kufufuza.

API: ndi wovomerezeka wovomerezeka wa ANSI. Kapangidwe kake kamatsatira mgwirizanowu ndi njira za machitidwe a ANSI, API nayenso adapanga malamulo ndi ofalitsidwa ndi anyezi. Miyezo ya API imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mabizinesi ku China ndipo amatengedwa ndi malamulo ndi maboma a United States, komanso ntchito yazachitetezo, kutetezedwa kwa United States, kutetezedwa kwa United States, kutetezedwa kwa United States, kutetezedwa kwa United States Agency, a United States adagwidwa ndi mabungwe aboma, ndipo amatchulidwanso ndi ISO, ndipo amatchulidwa ndi boma la mayiko ena padziko lonse lapansi komanso anthu oposa 100 mayiko oposa 100 padziko lonse lapansi.

API: Muyezo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mabizinesi ku China ndipo amatchulidwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo a boma ku United States, komanso mabungwe aboma monga chitetezo, ogwirizana Mayiko ena a bungwe, bungwe loteteza zachilengedwe, bungwe la United States Bureau, ndi zina zambiri, komanso kutchulidwanso ndi ISO, komanso odziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi komanso opitirira 100 padziko lapansi.

Kusiyana ndi kulumikizana

Miyezo inayiyi ndi yothandiza ndipo itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza. Mwachitsanzo, malingaliro a ATEM omwe akuchokera ku nkhani ndi ochokera ku Tembo, ndipo API amagwiritsidwa ntchito poimbira miyezo yamphamvu, pomwe panali zoumba za chitoliro, iwo ndi ochokera ku Hasi. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti mabizinesi amangoyang'ana mosiyana, motero miyezo yake ndi yosiyana. API, Asthem, asme ndi mamembala a ani.

Miyezo yamiyendo ya Nationals Institute of America nthawi zambiri kuchokera ku akatswiri. Kumbali ina, magulu aluso ndi mayanjano amathanso kuperekanso miyezo ina yogulitsa malinga ndi miyezo yadziko lapansi yomwe ilipo. Inde, titha kukhazikitsanso mfundo zathu zokha popanda kutsatira miyezo yadziko.

Atme sagwira ntchito yapadera, ndipo kuyesa ndi kapangidwe kake katha kumalizidwa ndi ANSI ndi Asthem. Asme amangodziwa manambala awo kuti azigwiritsa ntchito, motero nthawi zambiri amawoneka kuti nambala yokhazikikayo ndi yomwe ilinso.

YimbaThuti Laubendi chidaChongani valavu, valavu ya mpira, valavu ya singanoEtc Pangani ASTM, ANSI, ASME NDI API muyezo.