ASTM, ANSI, ASME ndi API

Chithunzi cha ASTM: American Society for Testing and EquipmentANSI: AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTEASME: American Society of Mechanical EngineersAPI: American Petroleum Institute

Mawu Oyamba

Chithunzi cha ASTM: American Society for testing and materials (ASTM) kale inali International Association for testing materials (IATM). M'zaka za m'ma 1980, pofuna kuthetsa malingaliro ndi kusiyana pakati pa wogula ndi wogulitsa pogula ndi kugulitsa zipangizo zamafakitale, anthu ena adaganiza zokhazikitsa dongosolo la komiti yaukadaulo, ndipo komiti yaukadaulo idapanga oimira m'mbali zonse kuti achite nawo. Technical Symposium kuti akambirane ndi kuthetsa mikangano yokhudzana ndi zofunikira komanso njira zoyesera. Msonkhano woyamba wa IATM unachitikira ku Ulaya mu 1882, pomwe komiti yogwira ntchito inakhazikitsidwa.

ANSI: American National Standards Institute (ANSI) inakhazikitsidwa mu 1918. Panthawiyo, mabungwe ambiri ndi magulu a akatswiri ndi akatswiri ku United States anayamba ntchito yokhazikika, koma panali zotsutsana zambiri ndi mavuto chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mgwirizano pakati pawo. Kuti apititse patsogolo kuwongolera bwino, mazana asayansi ndiukadaulo, mabungwe ndi magulu onse amakhulupirira kuti ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa bungwe lapadera lokhazikitsira zinthu ndikukhazikitsa muyezo wogwirizana.

ASME: American Society of mechanical engineers inakhazikitsidwa mu 1880. Tsopano yakhala bungwe lapadziko lonse lopanda phindu la maphunziro ndi zamakono ndi mamembala oposa 125000 padziko lonse lapansi. Pamene machitidwe ophatikizika ophatikizika m'munda wauinjiniya akuchulukirachulukira, kufalitsa kwa ASME kumaperekanso chidziwitso paukadaulo wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mitu yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndi: uinjiniya woyambira, kupanga, kapangidwe kazinthu ndi zina zotero.

API:API Ndichidule cha American Petroleum Institute. API idakhazikitsidwa mu 1919, ndi bungwe loyamba lazamalonda ku United States, ndipo ndi imodzi mwamiyezo yakale komanso yopambana kwambiri pakukhazikitsa zipinda padziko lapansi.

Maudindo

Chithunzi cha ASTMimagwira ntchito kwambiri popanga mawonekedwe ndi magwiridwe antchito azinthu, zinthu, machitidwe ndi ntchito, ndikufalitsa chidziwitso chofunikira. Miyezo ya ASTM imapangidwa ndi komiti yaukadaulo ndikulembedwa ndi gulu logwira ntchito. NgakhaleChithunzi cha ASTMMiyezo ndi miyeso yopangidwa ndi magulu amaphunziro osavomerezeka, miyezo ya ASTM imagawidwa m'magulu 15, voliyumu yosindikizidwa, ndipo magawo ndi kuchuluka kwa miyezo ndi motere:

Gulu:

(1) Zinthu zachitsulo

(2) Zitsulo zopanda chitsulo

(3) Njira yoyesera ndi njira yowunikira zinthu zachitsulo

(4) Zida zomangira

(5) Mafuta amafuta, mafuta opangira mafuta ndi mafuta oyambira

(6) Utoto, zokutira zogwirizana ndi mankhwala onunkhira

(7) Zovala ndi zipangizo

(8) Pulasitiki

(9) Mpira

(10) Ma insulators amagetsi ndi zamagetsi

(11) Ukadaulo wamadzi ndi chilengedwe

(12) Mphamvu ya nyukiliya, mphamvu ya dzuwa

(13) Zida zamankhwala ndi ntchito

(14) Zida ndi njira zoyesera zonse

(15) Zogulitsa zonse zamafakitale, mankhwala apadera ndi zogwiritsidwa ntchito

ANSI:National Standards Institute of the United States ndi gulu lokhazikika lopanda phindu lopanda phindu. Koma wakhala National Standardization Center kwenikweni; ntchito zonse standardization ndi kuzungulira izo. Kupyolera mu izi, kayendetsedwe ka boma ndi kayendetsedwe ka anthu zimagwirizana wina ndi mzake, ndipo zimagwira ntchito mlatho pakati pa boma la feduro ndi ndondomeko ya chikhalidwe cha anthu. Imagwirizanitsa ndikuwongolera zochitika zamtundu uliwonse, imathandizira kupanga miyezo, kufufuza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayunitsi, komanso imapereka chidziwitso chamtundu wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi mayiko ena. Imagwiranso ntchito ya bungwe loyang'anira.

Bungwe la National Standards Institute la ku United States silimaika miyezo palokha palokha. Njira zitatu zotsatirazi zimatengedwa pokonzekera mulingo wake wa ANSI:

1. Magawo oyenerera adzakhala ndi udindo wokonza, kuitana akatswiri kapena magulu a akatswiri kuti avotere, ndikupereka zotsatira ku msonkhano wowunikira miyezo yomwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi ANSI kuti iwunikenso ndi kuvomereza. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa kuti poll.

2. Oimira Komiti yokonzedwa ndi komiti yaukadaulo ya ANSI ndi mabungwe ena adzakonzekera miyeso yokonzekera, ndipo mamembala onse adzavota, ndipo pamapeto pake adzawunikidwa ndikuvomerezedwa ndi komiti yowunikira miyezo. Njirayi imatchedwa lamulo la Commission.

3. Mogwirizana ndi miyezo yopangidwa ndi mabungwe a akatswiri ndi mabungwe, omwe ali okhwima ndi ofunika kwambiri ku dziko lonse adzakwezedwa ku miyezo ya dziko (ANSI) pambuyo powunikiridwa ndi makomiti aukadaulo a ANSI, ndipo adzalembedwa ndi ANSI. nambala yokhazikika ndi nambala yamagulu, koma nambala yoyambira yaukadaulo iyenera kusungidwa nthawi yomweyo.

Miyezo ya National Standards Institute of America nthawi zambiri imakhala yochokera kuukadaulo. Kumbali inayi, mabungwe ndi mabungwe aukadaulo amathanso kupanga milingo ina yamalonda molingana ndi zomwe zilipo mdziko. Inde, tikhozanso kukhazikitsa miyezo yathuyathu ya Association popanda kutsatira miyezo ya dziko. Miyezo ya ANSI ndi yodzifunira. United States imakhulupirira kuti miyezo yovomerezeka imatha kuchepetsa zokolola. Komabe, milingo yotchulidwa mwalamulo ndi yopangidwa ndi madipatimenti aboma nthawi zambiri imakhala yovomerezeka.

ASME: imagwira ntchito makamaka pakukula kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo muukadaulo wamakina ndi magawo ena okhudzana nawo, kulimbikitsa kafukufuku woyambira, kulimbikitsa kusinthana kwamaphunziro, kukulitsa mgwirizano ndi uinjiniya ndi mabungwe ena, kuchita ntchito zofananira ndi kupanga makhodi amakina ndi miyezo. Kuyambira pomwe idakhazikitsidwa, ASME yatsogolera kukulitsa miyezo yamakina, ndipo yapanga miyezo yopitilira 600 kuyambira pamiyezo yoyambira mpaka pano. Mu 1911, komiti yoyang'anira makina ochapira idakhazikitsidwa, ndipo malangizo amakina adaperekedwa kuyambira 1914 mpaka 1915, omwe adaphatikizidwa ndi malamulo amayiko osiyanasiyana ndi Canada. ASME yakhala bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi laukadaulo pantchito zaukadaulo, maphunziro ndi kufufuza.

API: ndi bungwe lovomerezeka lokhazikika la ANSI. Kapangidwe kake kokhazikika kumatsata njira zolumikizirana komanso zopanga za ANSI, API yomwe idapangidwanso ndikufalitsidwa ndi ASTM. Miyezo ya API imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mabizinesi ku China ndipo imatengedwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo aboma ndi boma ku United States, komanso dipatimenti yamayendedwe, Unduna wa Zachitetezo, chitetezo chantchito ndi kayendetsedwe kaumoyo, United States Customs, kuteteza chilengedwe. Bungwe la United States Geological Survey Bureau Amanenedwa ndi mabungwe aboma, ndipo amatchulidwanso ndi ISO, bungwe lapadziko lonse lazamalamulo lazamalamulo komanso miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi yopitilira 100 padziko lonse lapansi.

API: Mulingo umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mabizinesi ku China ndipo wotchulidwa ndi malamulo ndi malamulo aboma ndi boma ku United States, komanso mabungwe aboma monga Unduna wa Zoyendetsa, Unduna wa Zachitetezo, chitetezo pantchito ndi kayendetsedwe kaumoyo, United States. States Customs, bungwe loteteza zachilengedwe, United States Geological Survey Bureau, ndi zina zotero, komanso zomwe zatchulidwa ndi ISO, bungwe lapadziko lonse lazamalamulo lazamalamulo komanso miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi yopitilira 100 padziko lapansi.

Kusiyana ndi kulumikizana

Miyezo inayiyi ndi yogwirizana ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pofotokoza. Mwachitsanzo, miyezo ya ASME muzinthu imachokera ku ASTM, ndipo API imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyezo ya valve, pamene zopangira mapaipi, zimachokera ku ANSI. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti makampaniwa amayang'ana mosiyanasiyana, kotero kuti miyezo yotengedwa ndi yosiyana. API, ASTM, ASME onse ndi mamembala a ANSI.

Miyezo ya National Standards Institute of America nthawi zambiri imakhala yochokera kuukadaulo. Kumbali inayi, mabungwe ndi mabungwe aukadaulo amathanso kupanga milingo ina yamalonda molingana ndi zomwe zilipo mdziko. Inde, tikhozanso kukhazikitsa miyezo yathuyathu ya Association popanda kutsatira miyezo ya dziko.

ASME sichita ntchito yeniyeni, ndipo ntchito yoyesera ndi kupanga yatsala pang'ono kumalizidwa ndi ANSI ndi ASTM. ASME imazindikira ma code okha kuti agwiritse ntchito, choncho nthawi zambiri zimawoneka kuti nambala yobwerezabwereza ndi zomwezo.

Hikelokma tube fittingsndi zidachekeni valavu, valavu ya mpira, valavu ya singanoetc amakumana ASTM, ANSI, ASME ndi API muyezo.