ASTM, ANSI, ASME na API

ASTM: American Society for Testing and MaterialsANSI： AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTEASME: American Society of Mechanical EngineersAPI: American Petroleum Institute

Okwu mmalite

ASTM: American Society for test and material (ASTM) bụbu International Association for test material (IATM). N'afọ ndị 1980, iji dozie echiche na esemokwu dị n'etiti onye na-azụ ihe na onye na-ebubata ya na usoro ịzụrụ na ire ihe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ tụrụ aro ka ha guzobe usoro kọmitii teknụzụ, na kọmitii teknụzụ haziri ndị nnọchiteanya sitere na akụkụ niile ka ha sonye na ya. Nkà na ụzụ Symposium iji kparịta na dozie esemokwu esemokwu gbasara nkọwapụta ihe na usoro ule. E nwere nzukọ mbụ nke IATM na Europe na 1882, bụ ebe e guzobere kọmitii na-arụ ọrụ.

ANSI: American National Standards Institute (ANSI) tọrọ ntọala na 1918. N'oge ahụ, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ aka na United States malitere ọrụ nhazi, ma enwere ọtụtụ esemokwu na nsogbu n'ihi enweghị nhazi n'etiti ha. Iji nwetakwuo arụmọrụ, ọtụtụ narị ụlọ ọrụ sayensị na teknụzụ, otu ndị otu na otu niile kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa iguzobe ụlọ ọrụ ọkọlọtọ pụrụ iche na imepụta ụkpụrụ jikọrọ ọnụ.

ASME: American Society of mechanical engineer e tọrọ ntọala na 1880. Ugbu a ọ ghọọla mba na-anaghị akwụ ụgwọ agụmakwụkwọ na nkà na ụzụ nzukọ na ihe karịrị 125000 òtù n'ụwa nile. Ka interdisciplinary cross-disciplinary na engineering ubi na-abawanye, ASME mbipụta na-enyekwa ozi na interdisciplinary ókè technology. Ihe ọmụmụ ekpuchiri gụnyere: isi injinia, nrụpụta, nhazi usoro na ihe ndị ọzọ.

API:API Ọ bụ mbiri nke American Petroleum Institute. E hiwere API na 1919, bụ ọgbakọ azụmaahịa mba mbụ na United States, yana otu n'ime ụkpụrụ izizi na nke kacha aga nke ọma na-esetịpụ ụlọ n'ụwa.

Ọrụ

ASTMna-etinye aka na nhazi nke njirimara na ụkpụrụ arụmọrụ nke ihe, ngwaahịa, usoro na ọrụ, ma na-ekesa ihe ọmụma dị mkpa. Kọmiti nka na-emepụta ụkpụrụ ASTM ma bụrụkwa ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ ụkpụrụ. AgbanyeghịASTMỤkpụrụ bụ ụkpụrụ ndị otu agụmakwụkwọ na-akwadoghị aha haziri, e kewara ụkpụrụ ASTM n'ime ụdị iri na ise, e bipụtara mpịakọta, na nhazi na olu nke ụkpụrụ bụ ndị a:

Nhazi:

(1) Ngwaahịa igwe

(2) Ọla na-abụghị igwe

(3) Usoro nyocha na usoro nyocha nke ihe igwe

(4) Ihe eji ewu ụlọ

(5) Ngwaahịa mmanụ ala, mmanụ mmanu na mmanụ ọkụ

(6) Agba, mkpuchi metụtara na ogige aromatic

(7) Akwa na ihe

(8) Plastic

(9) rọba

(10) Igwe ọkụ eletrik na igwe eletrọnịkị

(11) Mmiri na teknụzụ gburugburu ebe obibi

(12) Ike nuklia, ike anyanwụ

(13) Ngwa na ọrụ ahụike

(14) Ngwa na usoro ule izugbe

(15) Ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ izugbe, kemịkalụ pụrụ iche na ihe oriri

ANSI:National Standards Institute of the United States bụ otu na-abụghị uru na-abaghị uru na-enweghị uru. Ma ọ ghọọla National Standardization Center n'ezie; niile standardization omume na-na gburugburu ya. Site na ya, usoro gọọmenti dị mkpa na usoro obodo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, ma na-arụ ọrụ dị n'etiti gọọmenti etiti na usoro nhazi ọha mmadụ. Ọ na-ahazi ma na-eduzi mmemme nhazi nke mba, na-enyere aka ịhazi ụkpụrụ, nyocha na iji nkeji, ma na-enye ozi nhazi ụlọ na nke mba ụwa. Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ nke ngalaba nchịkwa.

National Standards Institute nke United States adịghị adịkarị na-esetịpụ ụkpụrụ n'onwe ya. Ụzọ atọ ndị a ka anabatara maka ịkwado ọkọlọtọ ANSI ya:

1. Ngalaba ndị dị mkpa ga-ahụ maka ịdepụta, ịkpọ ndị ọkachamara ma ọ bụ ndị ọkachamara ka ha votu, ma nyefee nsonaazụ ya na nzukọ nyocha ụkpụrụ nke ANSI guzobere maka nyocha na nkwenye. A na-akpọ usoro a usoro ntuli aka.

2. Ndị nnọchianya nke kọmitii haziri nke kọmitii teknụzụ nke ANSI na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ ga-edozi ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ, na ndị otu niile ga-eme ntuli aka, ma n'ikpeazụ nyochaa ma kwado ya site na kọmitii nyochaa ụkpụrụ. A na-akpọ usoro a iwu Commission.

3. Dịka ụkpụrụ nke ndị otu ọkachamara na ndị otu ọkachamara wepụtara, a ga-ebuli ndị tozuru okè ma bụrụ ndị bara nnukwu uru nye obodo niile ka ha bụrụ ụkpụrụ mba (ANSI) mgbe ndị kọmitii teknụzụ nke ANSI tụlechara ya, a ga-edekwa ya na ANSI. Koodu ọkọlọtọ na nọmba nhazi ọkwa, mana a ga-edobe koodu ọkọlọtọ ọkachamara izizi n'otu oge.

Ụkpụrụ nke National Standards Institute of America sitere na ụkpụrụ ọkachamara. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị ọkachamara na ndị otu nwere ike ịmepụta ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ ngwaahịa dịka ụkpụrụ mba dị ugbu a si dị. N'ezie, anyị nwekwara ike ịtọ ụkpụrụ Association nke anyị na-agbasoghị ụkpụrụ mba. Ụkpụrụ ANSI bụ nke afọ ofufo. United States kwenyere na ụkpụrụ amanyere iwu nwere ike igbochi uru nrụpụta. Agbanyeghị, ụkpụrụ ndị iwu kwuru na ndị ngalaba gọọmentị chepụtara bụ ụkpụrụ iwu kwadoro.

ASME: tumadi aku na mmepe nke sayensị na nkà na ụzụ na n'ibu engineering na metụtara ubi, na-agba ume isi nnyocha, na-akwalite agụmakwụkwọ mgbanwe, na-emepe emepe imekọ ihe ọnụ na ndị ọzọ engineering na mkpakọrịta, na-ebu standardization omume na formulating n'ibu codes na ụkpụrụ. Kemgbe mmalite ya, ASME edugala mmepe nke ụkpụrụ igwe, wee mepụta ihe karịrị ụkpụrụ 600 site na ụkpụrụ eri mbụ ruo ugbu a. N'afọ 1911, e hiwere kọmitii ntụzịaka igwe na-esi mmiri ọkụ, wee nye ntuziaka n'ibu site na 1914 ruo 1915, nke jikọtara ya na iwu nke steeti dị iche iche na Canada. ASME abụrụla ọgbakọ injinia zuru ụwa ọnụ na ngalaba teknụzụ, agụmakwụkwọ na nyocha.

API: bụ ụlọ ọrụ ntọala ọkọlọtọ akwadoro nke ANSI. Nhazi ọkọlọtọ ya na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nhazi na nhazi usoro nke ANSI, API jikọtara ya na ụkpụrụ ASTM. Ụlọ ọrụ dị na China na-eji ụkpụrụ API eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe ma nakweere ya site na gọọmenti etiti na steeti iwu na ụkpụrụ nke United States, yana Ngalaba njem, Ministry of Defense, Ọrụ nchekwa na nlekọta ahụike, United States Customs, gburugburu ebe obibi. ụlọ ọrụ, United States Geological Survey Bureau A na-ehota ha site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, ma ISO, ụlọ ọrụ gbasara iwu gbasara iwu mba ụwa na ihe karịrị 100 ụkpụrụ mba n'ụwa nile.

API: ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị na China na-eji ọkọlọtọ ahụ eme ihe nke ọma na iwu gọọmentị etiti na steeti United States, yana ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị dị ka Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Defense, nchekwa ọrụ na nlekọta ahụike, United States. Omenala steeti, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu, United States Geological Survey Bureau, wdg, mana ISO, ụlọ ọrụ metrology nke mba ụwa na ihe karịrị ụkpụrụ mba 100 n'ụwa kpọtụrụ ya.

Ọdịiche na njikọ

Ụkpụrụ anọ ndị a na-akwado ma enwere ike iji ya mee ntụaka. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụkpụrụ ASME na ihe onwunwe sitere na ASTM, na API na-eji ụkpụrụ valve, ebe maka ọkpọkọ ọkpọkọ, ha sitere na ANSI. Ihe dị iche bụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-elekwasị anya dị iche iche, ya mere ụkpụrụ ndị a nabatara dị iche iche. API, ASTM, ASME bụ ndị otu ANSI.

Ụkpụrụ nke National Standards Institute of America sitere na ụkpụrụ ọkachamara. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị ọkachamara na ndị otu nwere ike ịmepụta ụfọdụ ụkpụrụ ngwaahịa dịka ụkpụrụ mba dị ugbu a si dị. N'ezie, anyị nwekwara ike ịtọ ụkpụrụ Association nke anyị na-agbasoghị ụkpụrụ mba.

ASME anaghị arụ ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ, yana ọrụ nnwale na imepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ANSI na ASTM. ASME na-amata naanị koodu maka ojiji nke ha, yabụ a na-ahụkarị na ọnụọgụ ọkọlọtọ ugboro ugboro bụ otu ọdịnaya.

Hikeloktube kwesịrị ekwesịna ngwá ọrụlelee valvụ, valvụ bọọlụ, valvụ agịgawdg izute ASTM, ANSI, ASME na API ọkọlọtọ.